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Journal article
The role of cross-sectional geometry, curvature and limb posture in maintaining equal safety factors: A computed tomography study
The limb bones of an elephant are considered to experience similar peak locomotory stresses as a shrew. "Safety factors" are maintained across the entire range of body masses through a combination of robusticity of long bones, postural variation, and modification of gait. The relative contributions of these variables remain uncertain....Brassey, Charlotte A ; Kitchener, Andrew C ; Withers, P J ; Manning, Phillip L ; Sellers, William I
posture, force, safety factors, cross-sectional geometry, and effective mechanical advantage (EMA)
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Book chapter
Large cats
Based on the acclaimed print series, Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, 2nd ed., this new supplement covers extinct life. Written for students and general researchers, this supplement explores all aspects of extinctions and extinct life. Approximately 80 articles outline major extinctions and related scientific areas. - Extract from publisher's websiteKitchener, Andrew C
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Journal article
Locating specimens of extinct tiger (Panthera tigris) subspecies: Javan tiger (P.t. sondaica), Balinese tiger (P.t. balica), and Caspian tiger (P.t. virgata), including previously unpublished specimens
Recent advances in multivariate statistics, and in ancient DNA techniques, have greatly increased understanding of tiger phylogeography. However, regardless of advances in analytical methodology, researchers will continue to need access to specimens for morphological measurements and sampling for genetic analysis. The tiger has become increasingly endangered, and out of the...Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki ; Driscoll, Carlos A ; Werdelin, Lars ; Abramov, Alexei V ; Csorba, Gabor …
museum, Sunda Islands, Indonesia, Central Asia, and conservation
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Journal article
The genetic legacy of the 19th-century decline of the British polecat: evidence for extensive introgression from feral ferrets
In the 19th century, the British polecat suffered a demographic contraction, as a consequence of direct persecution, reaching its lowest population in the years that preceded the First World War. The polecat is now recovering and expanding throughout Britain, but introgressive hybridization with feral ferrets has been reported, which could...Costa, M ; Fernandes, C ; Birks, J D S ; Kitchener, Andrew C ; Santos-Ries, M …
microsatellites, European polecat, Britain, hybridization, Mustela furo, and Mustela putorius
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Journal article
Geographical variation in the clouded leopard, Neofelis nebulosa, reveals two species instead of one
The clouded leopard, Neofelis nebulosa, is an endangered semiarboreal felid with a wide distribution in tropical forests of southern and southeast Asia, including the islands of Sumatra and Borneo in the Indonesian archipelago . In common with many larger animal species, it displays morphological variation within its wide geographical range...Kitchener, Andrew C ; Beaumont, Mark A. ; Richardson, Douglas
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Journal article
New Bornean carnivore’ is most likely a little known flying squirrel
We analysed two camera-trap photos of an alleged new species of carnivore from Kalimantan, Borneo, Indonesia. Comparisons of the features seen in the photos with morphological features of 17 similar-looking species from the region suggest that the animal is not a new species of carnivore, as had been widely speculated,...Meijaard, Erik ; Kitchener, Andrew C ; Smeenk, Chris
petaurista, new mammal, civet, camera trap, Borneo, and Aeromys
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Journal article
Detecting the elusive Scottish wildcat Felis silvestris silvestris using camera trapping
Population monitoring is important for conservation management but difficult to achieve for rare, cryptic species. Reliable information about the Critically Endangered Scottish wildcat Felis silvestris silvestris is lacking because of difficulties in morphological and genetic identification, resulting from extensive hybridization with feral domestic cats Felis catus. We carried out camera-trap... -
Journal article
Splitting or lumping? A conservation dilemma exemplified by the critically endangered Dama Gazelle (Nanger dama)
Managers of threatened species often face the dilemma of whether to keep populations separate to conserve local adaptations and minimize the risk of outbreeding, or whether to manage populations jointly to reduce loss of genetic diversity and minimise inbreeding. In this study we examine genetic relatedness and diversity in three...Senn, Helen ; Banfield, Lisa ; Wacher, Tim ; Newby, John ; Rabeil, Thomas …
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Book
Survey and scoping of wildcat priority areas
This report summarises the findings of three complementary projects commissioned by SNH to inform the selection of Priority Areas for wildcat conservation; as proposed in the Scottish Wildcat Conservation Action Plan 2013. The scoping projects combined field surveys, taxonomic and genetic assessments, population modelling and a questionnaire survey of public...Littlewood, N A ; Campbell, R D ; Dinnie, L ; Gilbert, L ; Hooper, R …
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Journal article
Late Holocene range collapse in a former British seabird species
Aim to determine the taxonomic identity of zooarchaeological gadfly petrel (Pterodroma) specimens from northern Europe, in order to investigate whether an unknown, now-extinct Pterodroma species formerly occurred in this region, or whether extant north-east Atlantic gadfly petrel populations now restricted to the Macaronesian Islands formerly had a much wider Holocene... -
Journal article
Evidence of the three main clonal Toxoplasma gondii lineages from wild mammalian carnivores in the UK
Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic pathogen defined by three main clonal lineages (types I, II, III), of which type II is most common in Europe. Very few data exist on the prevalence and genotypes of T. gondii in the UK. Wildlife can act as sentinel species for T. gondii genotypes...Burrells, A ; Bartley, P M ; Zimmer, I A ; Roy, S ; Kitchener, Andrew C …
UK, wildlife, carnivores, genotyping, and Toxoplasma gondii
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Journal article
Brain size of the lion (Panthera leo) and the tiger (P-tigris): implications for intrageneric phylogeny, intraspecific differences and the effects of captivity
Intraspecific encephalization of the lion and the tiger is investigated for the first time using a very large sample. Using cranial volume as a measure of brain size, the tiger has a larger brain relative to greatest length of skull than the lion, the leopard and the jaguar. The Asian...Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki ; Kitchener, Andrew C ; Gilissen, E ; Macdonald, David W
skull, Panthera pardus, morphology, Carnivora, subspecies, jaguar, cranial volume, leopard, Felidae, and Panthera onca
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Journal article
The Near Eastern origin of cat domestication
The world's domestic cats carry patterns of sequence variation in their genome that reflect a history of domestication and breed development. A genetic assessment of 979 domestic cats and their wild progenitors-Felis silvestris silvestris ( European wildcat), F. s. lybica ( Near Eastern wildcat), F. s. ornata ( central Asian...Driscoll, C A ; Menotti-Raymond, M ; Roca, A L ; Hupe, K ; Johnson, W E …
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Book chapter
What is a tiger? Biogeography, morphology, and taxonomy
The tiger has always had a considerable impact on human cultures, especially where people and tigers have lived together and still do co-exist. It is certainly one of the most easily recognizable cats, with its distinctive and unique striped coat and is also commonly believed to be the biggest cat...Kitchener, Andrew C ; Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki
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Journal article
Taxonomic issues in bears: impacts on conservation in zoos and the wild, and gaps in current knowledge
Taxonomy is essential for underpinning conservation science and action, and the international and national implementation of protective legislation. However, many of the current scientific species and subspecies names for bears have a poor scientific basis. Poor understanding of ursid taxonomy could compromise conservation both in the wild and in captivity;...Kitchener, Andrew C
conservation science, conservation management, bears, and taxonomy
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Book chapter
Felidae: Systematics
Kitchener, Andrew C
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Journal article
Saving the unsavable
Kitchener, Andrew C
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Journal article
Planning tiger recovery: Understanding intraspecific variation for effective conservation
Although significantly more money is spent on the conservation of tigers than on any other threatened species, today only 3200 to 3600 tigers roam the forests of Asia, occupying only 7% of their historical range. Despite the global significance of and interest in tiger conservation, global approaches to plan tiger...Wilting, Andreas ; Courtiol, Alexandre ; Christiansen, P ; Jürgen, Niedballa ; Scharf, Anne K …
Taxonomy, Management Units, Subspecies, One Plan Approach, and Felidae
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Journal article
Remarkable ancient divergences amongst neglected lorisiform primates
Lorisiform primates (Primates: Strepsirrhini: Lorisiformes) represent almost 10% of the living primate species and are widely distributed in sub-Saharan Africa and South/South-East Asia; however, their taxonomy, evolutionary history, and biogeography are still poorly understood. In this study we report the largest molecular phylogeny in terms of the number of represented...Pozzi, Luca ; Nekaris, K Anne-Isola ; Perkin, Andrew ; Bearder, Simon K ; Pimley, Elizabeth R …
mitochondrial DNA, cryptic species, Lorisidae, cytochrome b, Africa, Asia, Strepsirrhini, and Galagidae
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Journal article
The taming of the cat
Unlike other domesticated creatures, the house cat contributes little to human survival. Researchers have therefore wondered how and why cats came to live among people. Experts traditionally thought that the Egyptians were the first to domesticate the cat, some 3,600 years ago. But recent genetic and archaeological discoveries indicate that...Driscoll, C A ; Clutton-Brock, Juliet ; Kitchener, Andrew C ; O'Brein, S J
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Journal article
Mapping the spatial configuration of hybridization risk for an endangered population of the European wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris) in Scotland
The wildcat in Scotland, UK, is currently at risk of extinction because of hybridization with feral domestic cats (ferals) and hybrids (wildcat × domestic cat crosses). Conservation efforts are hampered by limited information on the distribution of these three cat types and the spatial variation in hybridization risk. From January 2010 to...Kilshaw, Kerry ; Montgomery, Robert A ; Campbell, R D ; Hetherington, David A ; Johnson, Paul J …
Camera-trap – Distribution – Felis silvestris silvestris – Hybridization – Occupancy – Wildcat
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Journal article
Convex-hull mass estimates of the dodo (Raphus cucullatus): application of a CT-based mass estimation technique
The external appearance of the dodo (Raphus cucullatus, Linnaeus, 1758) has been a source of considerable intrigue, as contemporaneous accounts or depictions are rare. The body mass of the dodo has been particularly contentious, with the flightless pigeon alternatively reconstructed as slim or fat depending upon the skeletal metric used...Brassey, Charlotte A ; O’Mahoney, T G ; Kitchener, Andrew C ; Manning, Phillip L ; Sellers, William I
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Journal article
The scaling of postcranial muscles in cats (Felidae) II: hindlimb and lumbosacral muscles ing of postcranial muscles in cats (Felidae) I: forelimb, cervical, and thoracic muscles
In quadrupeds the musculature of the hindlimbs is expected to be responsible for generating most of the propulsive locomotory forces, as well as contributing to body support by generating vertical forces. In supporting the body, postural changes from crouched to upright limbs are often associated with an increase of body...Cuff, Andrew R ; Sparkes, Emily L ; Randau, Marcelo ; Pierce, Stephanie E ; Kitchener, Andrew C …
locomotion, biomechanics, effective mechanical advantage, mammal, anatomy, and morphometrics
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Journal article
The scaling of postcranial muscles in cats (Felidae) I: forelimb, cervical, and thoracic muscles ing of postcranial muscles in cats (Felidae) I: forelimb, cervical, and thoracic muscles
The body masses of cats (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) span a ~300-fold range from the smallest to largest species. Despite this range, felid musculoskeletal anatomy remains remarkably conservative, including the maintenance of a crouched limb posture at unusually large sizes. The forelimbs in felids are important for body support and other...Cuff, Andrew R ; Sparkes, Emily L ; Randau, Marcelo ; Pierce, Stephanie E ; Kitchener, Andrew C …
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Book chapter
What is a snow leopard? Taxonomy, morphology and phylogeny
Snow leopards: biodiversity of the world: conservation from genes to landscapes is the only comprehensive work on the biology, behavior, and conservation status of the snow leopard, a species that has long been one of the least studied, and hence poorly understood, of the large cats. Breakthroughs in technologies and...Kitchener, Andrew C ; Driscoll, C A ; Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki
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Journal article
Predicted Pleistocene–Holocene range shifts of the tiger (Panthera tigris)
Aim In this article, we modelled the potential range shifts of tiger (Panthera tigris) populations over the Late Pleistocene and Holocene, to provide new insights into the evolutionary history and interconnectivity between populations of this endangered species. Location Asia. Methods We used an ecological niche approach and applied a maximum... -
Journal article
Frank Haes' thylacine
Until recently, the earliest surviving photograph of a thylacine (albeit that of a dead trophy specimen) was from 1869. An earlier photograph, taken in 1864 by Frank Haes of a living thylacine at London Zoo, was known to have existed, but was feared lost or destroyed. This paper describes its...Sleightholme, Stephen R ; Campbell, Cameron R ; Kitchener, Andrew C
Tasmanian tiger, Ronald Campbell Gunn, Thylacine, Thylacinus cynocephalus, Earliest photograph, London Zoo, and Frank Haes
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Journal article
Environmental enrichment for Killer whales Orcinus orca at zoological institutions: untried and untested
Despite a history in zoological institutions stretching back more than 50 years, with associated improvements in husbandry and breeding, the keeping of Killer whales Orcinus orca in zoos and aquariums has become highly controversial. The recent decision to stop the current breeding programme in the USA does not obviate the...Law, G ; Kitchener, Andrew C ; shaw, mark
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Journal article
The history of taxidermy at National Museums Scotland
Dr Andrew Kitchener charts the history of taxidermy and explores the extraordinary and sometimes inaccurate specimens produced in t eh 18th and 19th centuries.Kitchener, Andrew C
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Journal article
Sexual size dimorphism in musteloids: An anomalous allometric pattern is explained by feeding ecology
Rensch's rule states that sexual size dimorphism (SSD) increases with body size in taxa where males are larger, and decreases when females are larger. The dominant explanation for the trend is currently that competitive advantage for males is greater in larger individuals, whereas female size is constrained by the energetics...Noonan, M J ; Johnson, Paul J ; Kitchener, Andrew C ; Harrington, L A ; Newman, C …
sociality, Musteloidea, diet, Rensch, SSD, resource dispersion, and allometry
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Journal article
Two species of Southeast Asian cats in the genus Catopuma with diverging histories: an island endemic forest specialist and a widespread habitat generalist
Background. The bay cat Catopuma badia is endemic to Borneo, whereas its sister species the Asian golden cat Catopuma temminckii is distributed from the Himalayas and southern China through Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra. Based onmorphological data, up to five subspecies of the Asian golden cat have been recognized, but...Patel, R P ; Förster, D W ; Kitchener, Andrew C ; Rayan, M D ; Mohamed, S W …
Toba volcanic eruption, last glacial maximum, Southeast Asia, hybrid capture, next generation sequencing, and Felidae
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Journal article
A revised taxonomy of the Felidae. The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group
The main task of the IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group is the continuous review of the conservation status of all cat species and subspecies according to The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species process. A critical subject in this task is the systematic classification of the cat family, the Felidae....Kitchener, Andrew C ; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C ; Eizirik, E ; Gentry, A ; Werdelin, Lars …
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Conference paper (unpublished)
Detection of foot pathology by 3D radiography in elephants
Foot disease is one of the most important health conditions of captive elephants, but treatment is hindered by the limitations of diagnostic imaging. Despite the high value of individual animals, advanced imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are currently not possible in live elephants...Bentley, Charlotte ; Cracknell, Jonathan ; Kitchener, Andrew C ; Pizzi, Romain
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Journal article
A fossil protein chimera; difficulties in discriminating dinosaur peptide sequences from modern cross-contamination
A decade ago, reports that organic-rich soft tissue survived from dinosaur fossils were apparently supported by proteomics-derived sequence information of exceptionally well-preserved bone. This initial claim to the sequencing of endogenous collagen peptides from an approximately 68 Myr Tyrannosaurus rex fossil was highly controversial, largely on the grounds of potential...Buckley, M ; Warwood, S ; van Dongen, B ; Kitchener, Andrew C ; Manning, Phillip L
palaeoproteomics, Tyrannosaurus, ancient collagen, dinosaur protein, Brachylophosaurus, and ostrich
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Journal article
Saving the mountain bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci): assessment of the genetic status of captive bongos as a source for genetic reinforcement of wild populations
Fewer than 140 individuals of the rare and critically endangered mountain bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci) remain in the wild. This population has eroded genetic diversity, with only two haplotypes detected with mitochondrial DNA markers. The genetic diversity of mountain bongos from the European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) was assessed for...O’Donoghue, P ; Gruber, Karl ; Bingaman Lackey, Laurie ; Kitchener, Andrew C ; O’Donoghue, Emily …
microsatellites, bongo, genetic augmentation, One Plan Approach, and Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci
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Journal article
Threatened but understudied: supporting conservation by understanding the genetic structure of the flat-headed cat
The flat-headed cat (Prionailurus planiceps) is a wetland specialist, currently facing habitat loss on a serious scale due to massive destruction of lowland forests and wetlands in Southeast Asia. Despite its ‘endangered’ status in the IUCN Red List, there has virtually been no investigation on the population structure nor on...Patel, R P ; Lenz, D ; Kitchener, Andrew C ; Fickel, J ; Förster, D W …
Flat-headed cat Habitat specialist Hybrid capture Mitogenome MtDNA
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Journal article
Making sense of the senses across species boundaries: designing the Animal Senses gallery at National Museums Scotland
As one of a suite of natural science galleries in the National Museum of Scotland, Animal Senses presents a comprehensive overview of how animals have evolved senses as they have adapted to different ecological niches in order to find food or avoid predation. Using different sensory channels, they also have...Kitchener, Andrew C
animals, Senses, interpretation, exhibition, and communication
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Book chapter
Form and function of the musteloids
The musteloids are the most diverse super-family among carnivores, ranging from little known, exotic, and highly-endangered species to the popular and familiar, and include a large number of introduced invasives. They feature terrestrial, fossorial, arboreal, and aquatic members, ranging from tenacious predators to frugivorous omnivores, span weights from a 100g...Kitchener, Andrew C ; Meloro, Carlo ; Williams, Terrie M
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Journal article
Laparoscopic-assisted insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt in a rescued Asiatic Black Bear (Ursus Thibetanus) in Laos
A 3-yr-old Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus), weighing 68 kg, underwent a laparoscopic-assisted placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt for hydrocephalus in the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Rescued as a young cub with a notably domed head, the bear's condition had deteriorated with age, but euthanasia was not a viable option...Pizzi, Romain ; Cracknell, Jonathan Mark ; Kitchener, Andrew C ; Broadis, Nev ; Laughlin, Denise …
laparoscopy, surgery, Bear, wildlife, hydrocephalus, and endoscopy
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Journal article
An assessment of the genetic diversity of the founders of the European captive population of Asian lion (Panthera leo leo), using microsatellite markers and studbook analysis
A European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) was established in the early 1990s, in order to manage a captive population of Asian lions (Panthera leo leo) within European zoos. The founders of this population comprised of nine individuals that originated from a captive population in India. During 2007–2009, 57 lions were...Atkinson, Kirsty E ; Kitchener, Andrew C ; Tobe, Shanan S ; O’Donoghue, P
Genetic variation, Microsatellite, Asian lion, Captive breeding, and Panthera leo
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Journal article
Radiographic assessment of the skeletons of Dolly and other clones finds no abnormal osteoarthritis
Our recent report detailing the health status of cloned sheep concluded that the animals had aged normally. This is in stark contrast to reports on Dolly (first animal cloned from adult cells) whose diagnoses of osteoarthritis (OA) at 5½ years of age led to considerable scientific concern and media debate...Corr, S A ; Gardner, D S ; Langley-Hobbs, S ; Ness, M G ; Kitchener, Andrew C …
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Journal article
Long-term increase in secondary exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides in European polecats Mustela putorius in Great Britain
As a result of legal protection and population recovery, European polecats (Mustela putorius) in Great Britain are expanding into areas associated with greater usage of second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs). We analysed polecat livers collected from road casualties from 2013 to 2016 for residues of five SGARs. We related variation in...Sainsbury, Katherine A ; Shore, Richard F ; Schofield, Henry ; Croose, Elizabeth ; Pereria, M Gloria …
Bromadiolone, Polecat, Brodifacoum, Secondary exposure, Rodenticides, and Difenacoum
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