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Journal article
Roman Britain in 2009 2. Scotland
Hunter, Fraser
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Conference paper (published)
Changing objects in changing worlds: dragonesque brooches and beaded torcs
Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Celtic art in Roman Britain
Hunter, Fraser
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Research report
Excavations at Birnie, Moray, 2005.
The 2005 excavations on the later prehistoric and medieval site at Birnie, Moray investigated two very different roundhouses. The main focus was a large house (c. 16 m in diameter), occupied around the time of the coin hoards, which had burnt down and was very well-preserved. Its full extent was...Hunter, Fraser
Scotland , Bronze Age , Birnie , Iron Age , Middle Ages, Romans , and Antiquities
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Research report
Excavations at Birnie, Moray, 2007.
The 2007 excavations at the later prehistoric site at Birnie examined four areas. Continued excavation of the burnt-down roundhouse (trench D) revealed extensive remains of chared timbers from the roof and possibly an upper floor. Substantial structural posts were also found, some squared; other structural elements included a mortice and...Hunter, Fraser
Middle Ages, Scotland , Iron Age , Birnie , Romans , Bronze Age , and Antiquities
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Research report
Excavations at Birnie, Moray, 2006.
In 2006 work at Birnie focussed on four main trenches. Good progress was made with the burnt-down roundhouse - the layers are complex, interleaved and varied, but they tell fascinating stories. Many of them derive from burnt turf, and it seems both walls and roof were turf-built, with collapsed wattle...Hunter, Fraser
Middle Ages, Iron Age , Birnie , Bronze Age , Scotland , Romans , and Antiquities
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Research report
Excavations at Birnie, Moray, 2000.
In 2000 a further season of excavations was carried out on the Iron Age settlement at Birnie, Moray. The site is known from aerial photographs, and metal detecting has recovered part of a Roman silver coin hoard. Results so far suggest this was an important site during the Iron Age,...Hunter, Fraser
Middle Ages, Scotland , Iron Age , Birnie , Romans , Bronze Age , and Antiquities
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Research report
Excavations at Birnie, Moray, 2003.
The gravel terrace at Birnie housed an important settlement site in later prehistory, with a sequence of farms, comprising roundhouses and associated buildings, stretching over perhaps a millennium or more. In the Roman Iron Age it was a key centre in the local area, in touch with the Roman powers...Hunter, Fraser
Antiquities , Iron Age , Middle Ages, Birnie , Romans , Bronze Age , and Scotland
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Research report
Excavations at Birnie, Moray, 2004.
Trial excavations from 1998-2003 showed that Birnie (near Elgin) was the site of an important, long-lived later prehistoric settlement complex and subsequently a medieval village. The later prehistoric site was a local power centre in contact with the Roman world far to the south - as seen most spectacularly in...Hunter, Fraser
Middle Ages, Scotland , Iron Age , Bronze Age, Birnie , Romans , and Antiquities
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Research report
Excavations at Birnie, Moray, 2001.
A further season of excavations in 2001 continued the examination of the unenclosed Iron Age site at Birnie, Moray. Work so far has shown this was an important settlement, inhabited by people of some status who were in contact with the Roman world. In 2000 the bulk of a disturbed...Hunter, Fraser
Middle Ages, Scotland , Iron Age , Birnie , Romans , Bronze Age , and Antiquities
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Research report
Excavations at Birnie, Moray, 2002.
The unenclosed Iron Age site at Birnie, Moray, was an important settlement in the region. Two Roman silver coin hoards have been found on the site, providing an unrivalled opportunity to investigate connections with Rome in the late second century. It seems they were part of a policy of "gifts"...Hunter, Fraser
Birnie, Romans, Iron Age, Middle Ages, Antiquities , Bronze Age , and Scotland
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Research report
Fieldwork at Birnie, Moray, 1998
In 1996 a number of Roman silver coins were discovered by metal detecting at Dykeside, near Birnie, Moray. The findspot lies in an area of a later prehistoric settlement known for cropmarks, on a gravel terrace. It is also within 400 m of Birnie Kirk, one of the earliest Christian...Hunter, Fraser
Scotland, Birnie , Bronze Age , Romans , Antiquities , Iron Age , and Middle Ages
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Research report
Excavations at Birnie, Moray, 1999.
Excavations continued in 1999 on an Iron Age settlement at Birnie, Moray, where metal-detecting had recovered a disturbed Roman coin hoard. Earlier work had shown the settlement was in part contemporary with the coins, and it may have been the residence of a powerful local chieftain who had contacts with...Hunter, Fraser
Scotland, Iron Age, Birnie, Antiquities, Bronze Age, Romans, and Middle Ages
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Book chapter
Carnyx: Trompetenähnliches Musikinstrument
Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Torrs – Witham – Wandsworth-Stil
Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Introduction: A hundred years of studying a Roman frontier post
James Curle's excavation of the Roman frontier fort of Newstead, ancient Trimontium, near Melrose in the Scottish Borders, was a landmark in Roman frontier studies culminating with his book, published in 1911. This volume was conceived as a celebration, looking back to Curle and his work, and looking forward to...Hunter, Fraser
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Journal article
Before Burghead: excavations at Clarkly Hill 2011
Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Cramond Roman Fort: evidence from excavations at Cramond Kirk Hall, 1998 and 2001. Section 6: Other finds.
Excavation on the site of an extension to Cramond Kirk Hall has provided new evidence for the layout of the defences of the Roman fort, the route of the road immediately beyond it and for the phases of Roman military occupation at Cramond postulated by previous excavators. The features encountered...Masser, Paul ; Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Thainstone Business Park, Inverurie, Aberdeenshire. Section 5: Finds - 5.1 Glass bead; 5.2 Crucible.
Report on the excavation of a roundhouse and related structures dated by 14C to the first–second century AD. Internal details and building repairs allow some assessment of the structure of the building. The site also provides a well-dated context for a Guido class 13 glass bead, a type more common...Murray, H. K. ; Murray, J. C. ; Hunter, Fraser ; Heald, Andrew
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Book chapter
Bone and antler
Hunter, Fraser ; Kitchener, Andrew C
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Book chapter
Cist burials and an Iron Age settlement at Dryburn Bridge, Innerwick, East Lothian. Section 8: The Finds from the Iron Age Settlement - 8.3 Copper alloy; 8.4 Iron; 8.6 Oil shale; and cannel coal; 8.9 Discussion of the artefact assemblage.
This report provides an account of the excavations of a cropmark enclosure and other prehistoric remains at Dryburn Bridge, near Innerwick in East Lothian. The excavations were directed over two seasons in 1978 and 1979 by Jon Triscott and David Pollock, and were funded by the Ancient Monuments Branch, Scottish...Dunwell, A ; Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Bruach An Druimein, Poltalloch, Argyll: excavations directed by the late Eric Cregeen, 1960–2. Section 8.2 Shale bangle; Section 8.5 Crucibles; Section 8.6 Metal artefacts.
Rescue excavations in advance of gravel quarrying were carried out under the direction of the late Eric Cregeen from 1960 to 1962, at Bruach an Druimein, Poltalloch, Mid Argyll (NGR: NR 820 972). The site lies on one of the fluvio-glacial terraces which border the Kilmartin Glen, overlooking the lower...Abernethy, Duncan ; Heald, Andrew ; Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Mesolithic and later sites around the Inner Sound, Scotland: the work of the Scotland’s First Settlers project 1998–2004. Section 2.2 Active Sites Report - Metal and glass; Section 3.9 Sand - Metal, slag and glass from sand
Scotland’s First Settlers comprised a survey project to locate and examine sites relating to the earliest, Mesolithic, settlement of the Inner Sound, along the coastlands between Skye and the west coast of Scotland. Particular foci of interest included the existence and nature of midden sites, the use of rockshelters and...Hunter, Fraser ; Heald, Andrew ; Caldwell, David H ; Campbell, Stuart ; McLaren, Dawn
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Journal article
Recent finds from Strageath Roman fort
Recent finds from the Roman fort complex at Strageath are described, including cavalry harness fittings, a sword hilt guard of Piggott’s Group IV, and an unusual enamelled pin. Selected older finds are reviewed, with consideration of the influence of indigenous traditions on the material culture of the garrisons, the manufacturing...Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Ceramic artefacts
MacSween, A ; Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Copper alloy and iron
Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Non-ferrous metalworking debris
Heald, Andrew ; Hunter, Fraser
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Journal article
New aspects of rotary querns in Scotland
McLaren, Dawn ; Hunter, Fraser
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Journal article
The worked bone, in; Excavation of a burnt mound at Meur, Sanday, Orkney (Toolis, R)
In early 2005 a cluster of orthostat stones was exposed by coastal erosion at Meur, Sanday, Orkney. The excavation revealed a stone trough within the centre of an open space defined by walls. It was associated with at least one compartment and a secondary corbelled cistern with an overflow drain...Hunter, Fraser ; McLaren, Dawn
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Journal article
Roman Britain in 2009, I. Sites Explored
Roman Britain in 2009: sites explored in Wales, Scotland and England.Hunter, Fraser ; Wilson, Peter ; Booth, Paul ; Chapman, Evan M
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Journal article
2. Scotland.
Hunter, Fraser
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Journal article
Some evidence for brooch manufacture in Roman Scotland
Hunter, Fraser
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Hunter, Fraser
Denarius, Scotland , Roman , Traprain Law, and Birnie
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Journal article
The shale bangle fragments. In: Cook, Martin, Lawson, John A and McLaren, Dawn, 'Excavations and Interventions in and around Cramond Roman Fort and Annexe, 1976 to 1990'. Scottish Archaeology Internet Report 74
Cramond Roman Fort has been the focus of archaeological interest since the publication of John Wood’s history of the parish in the late 18th century, with a floruit of activity in the latter half of the 20th century. Playing an important part in this volume of work have been the...Hunter, Fraser
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Journal article
Identification and discussion of selected Roman objects. In: Cook, Martin, Lawson, John A and McLaren, Dawn, 'Excavations and Interventions in and around Cramond Roman Fort and Annexe, 1976 to 1990'. Scottish Archaeology Internet Report 74
Cramond Roman Fort has been the focus of archaeological interest since the publication of John Wood’s history of the parish in the late 18th century, with a floruit of activity in the latter half of the 20th century. Playing an important part in this volume of work have been the...McLaren, Dawn ; Hunter, Fraser
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Journal article
Copper alloy: Roman. In: Cook, Martin, Lawson, John A and McLaren, Dawn, 'Excavations and Interventions in and around Cramond Roman Fort and Annexe, 1976 to 1990'. Scottish Archaeology Internet Report 74
Cramond Roman Fort has been the focus of archaeological interest since the publication of John Wood’s history of the parish in the late 18th century, with a floruit of activity in the latter half of the 20th century. Playing an important part in this volume of work have been the...Hunter, Fraser
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Journal article
The Roman non-ferrous metal objects. In: Cook, Martin, Lawson, John A and McLaren, Dawn, 'Excavations and Interventions in and around Cramond Roman Fort and Annexe, 1976 to 1990'. Scottish Archaeology Internet Report 74
Cramond Roman Fort has been the focus of archaeological interest since the publication of John Wood’s history of the parish in the late 18th century, with a floruit of activity in the latter half of the 20th century. Playing an important part in this volume of work have been the...Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
The glass bead
Cults Loch, at Castle Kennedy in Dumfries & Galloway, Scotland, loch lies within a landscape rich in prehistoric cropmark sites and within the loch itself are two crannogs, one of which has been the focus of this study. A palisaded enclosure and a promontory fort on the shores of the...Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
The shale
Cults Loch, at Castle Kennedy in Dumfries & Galloway, Scotland, loch lies within a landscape rich in prehistoric cropmark sites and within the loch itself are two crannogs, one of which has been the focus of this study. A palisaded enclosure and a promontory fort on the shores of the...Hunter, Fraser
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Journal article
Solving a silver jigsaw: a new hoard of Roman hacksilver from Fife
Recently discovered in Fife, the Dairsie Hoard represents the earliest-known evidence found outside the empire for Roman use of hacksilver to secure their frontiers.Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
The material world of Iron Age Wigtownshire
Cults Loch, at Castle Kennedy in Dumfries & Galloway, Scotland, loch lies within a landscape rich in prehistoric cropmark sites and within the loch itself are two crannogs, one of which has been the focus of this study. A palisaded enclosure and a promontory fort on the shores of the...Hunter, Fraser ; McLaren, Dawn ; Cruickshanks, Gemma
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Book chapter
XRF analysis
Kirk, Susy ; Dungworth, David ; Hunter, Fraser
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Book
Scotland’s Early Silver: transforming Roman pay-offs to Pictish treasures
Based on the exhibition Scotland's Early Silver, opening at the National Museum of Scotland, 13 October - 25 February 18. In Scotland, silver, not gold, was the most important and powerful precious metal for a thousand years, from the arrival of the Roman army until the dawn of the Viking...Blackwell, Alice ; Goldberg, D Martin ; Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Later prehistoric finds
Dominating the surrounding landscape from its volcanic outcrop, Stirling Castle is an enduring symbol of an epic past. The castle’s history is inextricably bound with that of the Scottish nation. It has been touched by every drama and conflict, from the campaigns of the Wars of Independence, through the Jacobite...Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Hacksilber inside and outside the late Roman world: a view from Traprain Law
Renewed study of the hoard of late Roman Hacksilber from Traprain Law (UK) is casting fresh light on this important find and on the wider phenomenon of Hacksilber. It is increasingly clear that such finds of sub-divided, broken-up Roman silver objects are not purely a 'barbarian' phenomenon, but were a...Painter, Kenneth ; Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Recycling power and place: the many lives of Traprain Law, South East Scotland
Recycling is a basic anthropological process of humankind. The reutilization of materials or of ideas from the Past is a process determined by various natural or cultural causes. Recycling can be motivated by a crisis or by a complex symbolic cause like the incorporation of the Past into the Present....Armit, Ian ; Dunwell, A ; Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Hacksilber in the Late Roman and Early Medieval world – economics, frontier politics and imperial legacies
This volume explores the final phase of the West Roman Empire, particularly the changing interactions between the imperial authority and external 'barbarian' groups in the northwest frontiers of the empire during the fourth and fifth centuries. The contributions present valuable overviews of recent archaeological research combined with innovative theoretical discussions....Hunter, Fraser ; Painter, Kenneth
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Book chapter
Glass bead
Trusty's Hill is an early medieval fort at Gatehouse of Fleet, Dumfries and Galloway. The hillfort comprises a fortified citadel defined by a vitrified rampart around its summit, with a number of enclosures looping out along lower-lying terraces and crags. The approach to its summit is flanked on one side...Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
X-ray fluorescence analysis of metalworking ceramics and coper alloy mount
Trusty's Hill is an early medieval fort at Gatehouse of Fleet, Dumfries and Galloway. The hillfort comprises a fortified citadel defined by a vitrified rampart around its summit, with a number of enclosures looping out along lower-lying terraces and crags. The approach to its summit is flanked on one side...Cruickshanks, Gemma ; Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
The ironwork
Trusty's Hill is an early medieval fort at Gatehouse of Fleet, Dumfries and Galloway. The hillfort comprises a fortified citadel defined by a vitrified rampart around its summit, with a number of enclosures looping out along lower-lying terraces and crags. The approach to its summit is flanked on one side...Cruickshanks, Gemma ; Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
The lead
Trusty's Hill is an early medieval fort at Gatehouse of Fleet, Dumfries and Galloway. The hillfort comprises a fortified citadel defined by a vitrified rampart around its summit, with a number of enclosures looping out along lower-lying terraces and crags. The approach to its summit is flanked on one side...Cruickshanks, Gemma ; Hunter, Fraser
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Lecture
Celts: Art and Identity
Dr Fraser Hunter FSA Scot, Principal Curator, Iron Age & Roman Collections in the National Museums Scotland, presents a lecture on “Celts: Art and Identity” to coincide with the international exhibition on Celts held in the NMS in collaboration with the British Museum. The lecture was recorded on Monday 11...Hunter, Fraser
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Journal article
Tracing troops: an Upper German belt-fitting from Roman Scotland
A silver belt-fitting from Cramond in the shape of a ring-pommel sword is linked to a class of beneficiarius equipment typical of Germania Superior. It is argued that this represents troop movements connected with the Severan campaigns.Hunter, Fraser
beneficiarius, ring-pommel, military belt-fitting, Germania Superior, Roman military equipment, silver, and Cramond
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Book chapter
Roman Iron Age activity at stone monuments in north-east Scotland
The study of stone circles has long played a major role in British and Irish archaeology, and for Scotland most attention has been focused on the large monuments of Orkney and the Western Isles. Several decades of fieldwork have shown how these major structures are likely to be of early...Bradley, R ; Clarke, Amanda ; Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
The jet-like material
Portmahomack on the Tarbat peninsula overlooking the Dornoch Firth is a fishing village with a 1,500-year-old history. In the sixth and seventh century it was a high-ranking centre with monumental cist burials and links to the equestrian class in England. In the eighth century it was a monastery, creating manuscripts...Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
The ironwork
Cruickshanks, Gemma ; Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Beyond Hadrian’s Wall
Britannia’s northern frontier varied considerably over the Roman period, stabilizing only in the early third century. This variation leads to a fascinating archaeological record of the changing Roman military presence and its relation to the local population. This chapter examines the local Iron Age societies, considers military aspects of the...Hunter, Fraser ; Revell, Louise ; Moore, Alison
Antonine Wall, military community, Scotland, frontier life, diplomacy, interaction with local population, Agricola, Celtic art, and subsidy
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Journal article
Mithras in Scotland: a Mithraeum at Inveresk (East Lothian)
Excavations to the east of the Roman fort of Inveresk in 2010 partly uncovered remains of a Mithraeum — the first from Scotland and the earliest securely dated example from Britain. A large rectangular sunken feature with lateral benches contained two altars buried face down at its north-western end. One...Hunter, Fraser ; Henig, Martin ; Sauer, Eberhard ; Gooder, John
Apollo Citharodeous, Mithras, Inveresk, pigments, Sol, plectrum, lyre, and Mithraeum
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Book chapter
Excavations at Waulkmill, Tarland, Aberdeenshire: a Neolithic pit, Roman Iron Age burials and an earlier prehistoric stone circle
The study of stone circles has long played a major role in British and Irish archaeology, and for Scotland most attention has been focused on the large monuments of Orkney and the Western Isles. Several decades of fieldwork have shown how these major structures are likely to be of early...Bradley, R ; Clarke, Amanda ; Hunter, Fraser
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Journal article
Gods and monsters in Roman Scotland
Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
‘Coal money’ from Portpatrick (south-west Scotland): reconstructing an Early Medieval craft centre from antiquarian finds
Late 19th and 20th-century finds of debris from shale bangle manufacture at Portpatrick in south-west Scotland occasioned considerable interest at the time. The early discoveries were found in grave-digging, giving rise to folk traditions of the material as ‘coal money’ placed with the departed, but these were soon dismissed by...Hunter, Fraser
bangles, antiquarian study, Early Medieval, Irish connections, Oil shale, and craft processes
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Book
Late Roman Silver: The Traprain Treasure in Context
The Traprain Law treasure from east Lothian in south-east Scotland is the most dramatic hoard of late Roman Hacksilber yet found. The interpretation of these bent, broken and crushed silver fragments has long been debated. Were they loot broken up by uncultured barbarians, or some form of diplomatic gift? This...Hunter, Fraser
Scotland, Romans, Silver, and Traprain Law
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Research report
Excavations at Birnie, Moray, 2009
The 2009 excavations examined six roundhouses, three of which had burnt down. Several showed signs of later activity. Trench AL looked at burnt deposits uncovered in a previous trial trench. It revealed a substantial ring-ditch house, 16 m in diameter, which had been repaired and rebuilt before burning down, preserving...Hunter, Fraser
Iron Age Birnie Romans Scotland Antiquities Bronze Age Middle Ages
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Book chapter
4.3.2 Copper alloy
Excavation on the headland at Auldhame has revealed one thousand years of burial activity and liturgical practice, the nature of which changed over the course of the millennium. It has charted the birth and death of a church, from a monastic settlement established in the seventh century AD, which then...McLaren, Dawn ; Hunter, Fraser