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Book chapter
Coping with changing worlds: the roles of Celtic art in central Britain in the Roman period
What happened to the Brigantes when Rome took over? How were they affected by military events? Can we see sub-territories in their material culture? How did they react to the opportunities that Rome offered? Was their way of looking at the world altered? This reasonably-priced book summarises current opinion.Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Objects made of iron and bone
During the late 1st millennium BC into the early 1st millennium AD, the small island of Unst in the far north of the Shetland (and British) Isles was home to well-established and connected farming and fishing communities. The Iron Age settlement at Milla Skerra was occupied for at least 500...Goldberg, D Martin ; Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
A northern view of Arras: or, we have chariots too
In 1817 a group of East Yorkshire gentry opened barrows in a large Iron Age cemetery on the Yorkshire Wolds at Arras, near Market Weighton, including a remarkable burial accompanied by a chariot with two horses, which became known as the King’s Barrow. This was the third season of excavation...Hunter, Fraser
lithic artefacts, prehistoric structure and pits, Palimpsest site, and prehistoric pottery
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Book chapter
Technologies of the self: painted pebbles, ornaments and the burial
During the late 1st millennium BC into the early 1st millennium AD, the small island of Unst in the far north of the Shetland (and British) Isles was home to well-established and connected farming and fishing communities. The Iron Age settlement at Milla Skerra was occupied for at least 500...Goldberg, D Martin ; Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Shale analysis. In: Arabaolaz, Iraia. 2019. Beside the River Ayr in prehistoric times: excavations at Ayr Academy
Archaeological interventions at Ayr Academy, Ayrshire revealed a number of pits and postholes on a raised beach on a terrace of the River Ayr dating from the late Mesolithic to the late Bronze Age. One group of pits and postholes probably defines a middle Bronze Age burial ground. The environmental...Hunter, Fraser
lithic artefacts, prehistoric structure and pits, Palimpsest site, and prehistoric pottery
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Book chapter
A context for the Treasure: Traprain Law and Rome's northern frontier
The discovery of the Traprain Treasure was the most dramatic moment in a spectacular and long-running excavation. While nothing else quite matched the excitement of this find, the results of work at Traprain Law redefined perspectives on the Scottish Iron Age and relations with the Roman world. This chapter will...Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Insights from unidentified fragments
Alexander Curle's published catalogue consists of 152 entries, which correlate directly with National Museums Scotland catalogue nos GVA 1-152. His entry 144 is for a 'collection of irregularly-shaped fragments of undecorated, thin pieces of plate which has probably broken off platters or other flat dishes.Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Coral in northern climates: an exotic coral bead from Iron Age Scotland and its implications
This paper is offered to Eugène in the spirit of his own wide-ranging research and his ability to extract good stories from finds. The first author met Eugène at an Edinburgh conference on 'Scotland in later prehistoric Europe', where he offered a masterly overview of the southern Low Countries over...Hunter, Fraser ; Fürst, Sebastian
rich finds assemblage, Scotland and Europe, Eugène Warmenbol, Broxmouth, Iron Age, and Bead of Mediterranean coral
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Book chapter
'Items that are likely to date to the Late Iron Age/Romano-British period' In: Boughey, Keith, A Tale of Two Collectors: The Lithic Collections of Geoffrey Taylor and David Heys (with particular reference to the county of Yorkshire)
The book begins with brief biographies of the two collectors and outlines the areas in which they collected, principally the North York Moors, and their method of working, before attempting to set their work into its wider prehistoric context. It then explains how the over 18,000 worked pieces in the...Hunter, Fraser ; Sheridan, J A
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Book chapter
'The zoomorphic ring-headed pin' In: Strachan, David, Cook, Martin and McLaren, Dawn 'Three Forts on the Tay: Excavations at Moncreiffe, Moredun and Abernethy, Perth and Kinross 2014–17'
The most remarkable find from the Moredun excavations was a copper-alloy bird-headed pin (Figures 4.7, 4.8 and 4.9), unique and yet readily placed into a wider context. It is a miniature masterpiece of early Celtic art dating to the 3rd century BC. A summary of the find and its wider...Hunter, Fraser
copper-alloy bird-headed pin, chamfrain, archaeological excavations, Bronze mask , and Moredun excavations
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Book chapter
Cramond Roman Fort: evidence from excavations at Cramond Kirk Hall, 1998 and 2001. Section 6: Other finds.
Excavation on the site of an extension to Cramond Kirk Hall has provided new evidence for the layout of the defences of the Roman fort, the route of the road immediately beyond it and for the phases of Roman military occupation at Cramond postulated by previous excavators. The features encountered...Masser, Paul ; Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Thainstone Business Park, Inverurie, Aberdeenshire. Section 5: Finds - 5.1 Glass bead; 5.2 Crucible.
Report on the excavation of a roundhouse and related structures dated by 14C to the first–second century AD. Internal details and building repairs allow some assessment of the structure of the building. The site also provides a well-dated context for a Guido class 13 glass bead, a type more common...Murray, H. K. ; Murray, J. C. ; Hunter, Fraser ; Heald, Andrew
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Book chapter
Ceramic artefacts
MacSween, A ; Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Copper alloy and iron
Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Bone and antler
Hunter, Fraser ; Kitchener, Andrew C
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Book chapter
Non-ferrous metalworking debris
Heald, Andrew ; Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Cist burials and an Iron Age settlement at Dryburn Bridge, Innerwick, East Lothian. Section 8: The Finds from the Iron Age Settlement - 8.3 Copper alloy; 8.4 Iron; 8.6 Oil shale; and cannel coal; 8.9 Discussion of the artefact assemblage.
This report provides an account of the excavations of a cropmark enclosure and other prehistoric remains at Dryburn Bridge, near Innerwick in East Lothian. The excavations were directed over two seasons in 1978 and 1979 by Jon Triscott and David Pollock, and were funded by the Ancient Monuments Branch, Scottish...Dunwell, A ; Hunter, Fraser
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Celtic art in Roman Britain
Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Mesolithic and later sites around the Inner Sound, Scotland: the work of the Scotland’s First Settlers project 1998–2004. Section 2.2 Active Sites Report - Metal and glass; Section 3.9 Sand - Metal, slag and glass from sand
Scotland’s First Settlers comprised a survey project to locate and examine sites relating to the earliest, Mesolithic, settlement of the Inner Sound, along the coastlands between Skye and the west coast of Scotland. Particular foci of interest included the existence and nature of midden sites, the use of rockshelters and...Hunter, Fraser ; Heald, Andrew ; Caldwell, David H ; Campbell, Stuart ; McLaren, Dawn
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Book chapter
Bruach An Druimein, Poltalloch, Argyll: excavations directed by the late Eric Cregeen, 1960–2. Section 8.2 Shale bangle; Section 8.5 Crucibles; Section 8.6 Metal artefacts.
Rescue excavations in advance of gravel quarrying were carried out under the direction of the late Eric Cregeen from 1960 to 1962, at Bruach an Druimein, Poltalloch, Mid Argyll (NGR: NR 820 972). The site lies on one of the fluvio-glacial terraces which border the Kilmartin Glen, overlooking the lower...Abernethy, Duncan ; Heald, Andrew ; Hunter, Fraser
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Hunter, Fraser
Denarius, Scotland , Roman , Traprain Law, and Birnie
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Book chapter
Fired clay. In M Cressey & S Anderson, A later prehistoric settlement and metalworking site at Seafield West, near Inverness, Highland
Construction in 1996 at a major retail development site close to Inverness, Highland resulted in the destruction of two known cropmark sites. One set of cropmarks was found to be associated with a Bronze Age log-boat burial site and the results of the ensuing excavation are published elsewhere (Cressey &...Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Metal and glass objects. In M Cressey & S Anderson, A later prehistoric settlement and metalworking site at Seafield West, near Inverness, Highland
Construction in 1996 at a major retail development site close to Inverness, Highland resulted in the destruction of two known cropmark sites. One set of cropmarks was found to be associated with a Bronze Age log-boat burial site and the results of the ensuing excavation are published elsewhere (Cressey &...Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Land der Kelten? Die Britischen Inseln
Seit Jahrzehnten beschäftigen sich Archäologen, Historiker, Sprach- und Naturwissenschaftler mit den Kelten, einem bunten Gemisch verschiedener Stammesgemeinschaften mit ähnlichen Traditionen in Kunst, Handwerk, Religion und Sprache, welche die Geschichte Mitteleuropas im 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. entscheidend prägten. Besonders in Südwestdeutschland ziehen spektakuläre Neufunde wie zuletzt das reich ausgestattete Frauengrab aus...Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Vielfalt und Einheit, Tradition und Veränderung: Keltische Kunst in Großbritannien und Irland
Seit Jahrzehnten beschäftigen sich Archäologen, Historiker, Sprach- und Naturwissenschaftler mit den Kelten, einem bunten Gemisch verschiedener Stammesgemeinschaften mit ähnlichen Traditionen in Kunst, Handwerk, Religion und Sprache, welche die Geschichte Mitteleuropas im 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. entscheidend prägten. Besonders in Südwestdeutschland ziehen spektakuläre Neufunde wie zuletzt das reich ausgestattete Frauengrab aus...Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Ursprünglich getrennt – Ponykappe und Hörner von Torrs
Seit Jahrzehnten beschäftigen sich Archäologen, Historiker, Sprach- und Naturwissenschaftler mit den Kelten, einem bunten Gemisch verschiedener Stammesgemeinschaften mit ähnlichen Traditionen in Kunst, Handwerk, Religion und Sprache, welche die Geschichte Mitteleuropas im 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. entscheidend prägten. Besonders in Südwestdeutschland ziehen spektakuläre Neufunde wie zuletzt das reich ausgestattete Frauengrab aus...Hunter, Fraser
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Carnyx: Trompetenähnliches Musikinstrument
Hunter, Fraser
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Torrs – Witham – Wandsworth-Stil
Hunter, Fraser
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Gleaned from the soil: fieldwalking Trimontium’
James Curle's excavation of the Roman frontier fort of Newstead, ancient Trimontium, near Melrose in the Scottish Borders, was a landmark in Roman frontier studies culminating with his book, published in 1911. This volume was conceived as a celebration, looking back to Curle and his work, and looking forward to...Elliot, W ; Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Introduction: A hundred years of studying a Roman frontier post
James Curle's excavation of the Roman frontier fort of Newstead, ancient Trimontium, near Melrose in the Scottish Borders, was a landmark in Roman frontier studies culminating with his book, published in 1911. This volume was conceived as a celebration, looking back to Curle and his work, and looking forward to...Hunter, Fraser
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War in Prehistory and the Impact of Rome
Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Kastell Inveresk: Leibwächter, geköpfte Tote und Mysterienkulte in Britannien
Am nordwestlichen Rand des Römischen Reiches werfen aktuelle Ausgrabungen ein neues Licht auf das Leben an der Grenze. Das Kastell von Inveresk befindet sich zehn Kilometer östlich von Edinburgh, an der südlichen Seite des Firth of Forth, einer großen Bucht an Schottlands Ostküste. Der Antoninuswall, die römische Grenzlinie in Nordbritannien,...Hunter, Fraser
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Iron
Sections: 10.7.1 Introduction; 10.7.2 Discussion; 10.7.3 Catalogue. The 1970s excavations at Broxmouth represent one of the most comprehensive examinations of any Iron Age hillfort. It was also the place where a whole generation of Scottish archaeologists learned their trade. Like many projects of its time, however, Broxmouth remained unpublished, other...Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Worked bone and antler
Sections: 10.3.1 Introduction; 10.3.2 Sources of raw materials; 10.3.3 Working evidence; 10.3.4 Production technology and its development; 10.3.5 Object range (Tools, Ornaments, Weaponry, Fixtures and Fittings, Object Lives); 10.3.6 Decoration; 10.3.7 The assemblage in context; 10.3.8 Catalogue.Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Shale and cannel coal
Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Coral bead
Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
XRF analysis
Kirk, Susy ; Dungworth, David ; Hunter, Fraser
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Preface to Late Roman silver: the Traprain treasure in context
The Traprain Law treasure from east Lothian in south-east Scotland is the most dramatic hoard of late Roman Hacksilber yet found. The interpretation of these bent, broken and crushed silver fragments has long been debated. Were they loot broken up by uncultured barbarians, or some form of diplomatic gift? This...Hunter, Fraser ; Painter, Kenneth
Silverwork, Silverware, Scotland, Romans, and Traprain Law
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Book chapter
Stories from black bangles: jewellery and other finds of jet-like materials in Roman Scotland
Lindsay Allason-Jones has been at the forefront of small finds and Roman frontier research for 40 years in a career focussed on, but not exclusive to, the north of Britain, encompassing an enormous range of object types and subject areas. Divided into thematic sections the contributions presented here to celebrate...Hunter, Fraser
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The copper alloy
Cruickshanks, Gemma ; Hunter, Fraser
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The shale bangle
Hunter, Fraser
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The pumice and coarse stone
McLaren, Dawn ; Hunter, Fraser
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The stone objects
McLaren, Dawn ; Hunter, Fraser
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The iron
Hunter, Fraser
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Art in context: the massive metalworking tradition of North-East Scotland
The ancient Celtic world evokes debate, discussion, romanticism and mythicism. On the one hand it represents a specialist area of archaeological interest, on the other, it has a wide general appeal. The Celtic world is accessible through archaeology, history, linguistics and art history. Of these disciplines, art history offers the...Hunter, Fraser
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Looking over the Wall: the Late and Post-Roman Iron Age north of Hadrian’s Wall
As part of its centenary celebrations in 2010, the Roman Society organised a number of conferences across the UK exploring the theme of AD410 and the “End of Roman Britain”. This volume contains a selection of 16 papers delivered at these conferences, tackling the debate from different angles (historical, archaeological,...Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Jug with biblical scenes
The book celebrates the 850th anniversary of the arrival of the remains of The Magi, the Three Wise Men, in Cologne, the momentous event that made the cathedral city one of the major pilgrimage sites of the Middle Ages. Their remains were installed and integrated into the Shrine of the...Hunter, Fraser
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Celtic arts in the long term: continuity, change and connections
The real and imagined legacy of the ancient Celts has shaped modern identities across the British Isles and retains a powerful hold over the popular imagination. Furthermore, Celtic art is one of Europe’s great artistic traditions, with the skills of Celtic craftspeople standing alongside the best of the ancient and...Hunter, Fraser ; Goldberg, D Martin ; Farley, Julia ; Leins, Ian
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Book chapter
A connected Europe, c.500-150 BC
The real and imagined legacy of the ancient Celts has shaped modern identities across the British Isles and retains a powerful hold over the popular imagination. Furthermore, Celtic art is one of Europe’s great artistic traditions, with the skills of Celtic craftspeople standing alongside the best of the ancient and...Joy, Jody ; Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
The lure of silver: denarius hoards and relations across the frontier
Roman frontiers defined the Roman Empire, one of the greatest states that the world has ever seen. By understanding these frontiers we can better understand the relationship between Rome and her neighbours. Leading scholars of the frontiers of the Roman Empire have come together to present this collection of essays...Hunter, Fraser
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Introduction [Scotland in later prehistoric Europe]
How did Scotland relate to wider European patterns in later prehistory? This key topic is addressed by the papers in this volume, which review recent work on the Scottish later Bronze Age and Iron Age in the light of its neighbours. Authors use the explosion of recent data to investigate...Hunter, Fraser
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Craft in context: artefact production in later prehistoric Scotland
How did Scotland relate to wider European patterns in later prehistory? This key topic is addressed by the papers in this volume, which review recent work on the Scottish later Bronze Age and Iron Age in the light of its neighbours. Authors use the explosion of recent data to investigate...Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Later prehistoric finds
Dominating the surrounding landscape from its volcanic outcrop, Stirling Castle is an enduring symbol of an epic past. The castle’s history is inextricably bound with that of the Scottish nation. It has been touched by every drama and conflict, from the campaigns of the Wars of Independence, through the Jacobite...Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
The impact of Rome, c. AD 50-250
The real and imagined legacy of the ancient Celts has shaped modern identities across the British Isles and retains a powerful hold over the popular imagination. Furthermore, Celtic art is one of Europe’s great artistic traditions, with the skills of Celtic craftspeople standing alongside the best of the ancient and...Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
In search of the Celts
The real and imagined legacy of the ancient Celts has shaped modern identities across the British Isles and retains a powerful hold over the popular imagination. Furthermore, Celtic art is one of Europe’s great artistic traditions, with the skills of Celtic craftspeople standing alongside the best of the ancient and...Hunter, Fraser ; Goldberg, D Martin
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Book chapter
Powerful objects: the uses of art in the Iron Age
The real and imagined legacy of the ancient Celts has shaped modern identities across the British Isles and retains a powerful hold over the popular imagination. Furthermore, Celtic art is one of Europe’s great artistic traditions, with the skills of Celtic craftspeople standing alongside the best of the ancient and...Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
'Later prehistoric finds' In: Ewart, Gordon and Gallagher, Dennis, With thy towers high: The archaeology of Stirling Castle and Palace
Two characteristically pre-medieval small finds were found in the same post-medieval deposit, a dark-brown silty clay deposit at the noprth end of the Ladies' Lookout (VVI/F21176).Hunter, Fraser
Scotland, prehistoric pottery, post-medieval small finds, Stirling Castle, shale bangle, and excavations
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4.3.2 Copper alloy
Excavation on the headland at Auldhame has revealed one thousand years of burial activity and liturgical practice, the nature of which changed over the course of the millennium. It has charted the birth and death of a church, from a monastic settlement established in the seventh century AD, which then...McLaren, Dawn ; Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
4.3.4 Iron
Excavation on the headland at Auldhame has revealed one thousand years of burial activity and liturgical practice, the nature of which changed over the course of the millennium. It has charted the birth and death of a church, from a monastic settlement established in the seventh century AD, which then...McLaren, Dawn ; Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
4.3.5 Lead
Excavation on the headland at Auldhame has revealed one thousand years of burial activity and liturgical practice, the nature of which changed over the course of the millennium. It has charted the birth and death of a church, from a monastic settlement established in the seventh century AD, which then...McLaren, Dawn ; Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Roman Iron Age activity at stone monuments in north-east Scotland
The study of stone circles has long played a major role in British and Irish archaeology, and for Scotland most attention has been focused on the large monuments of Orkney and the Western Isles. Several decades of fieldwork have shown how these major structures are likely to be of early...Bradley, R ; Clarke, Amanda ; Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
The jet-like material
Portmahomack on the Tarbat peninsula overlooking the Dornoch Firth is a fishing village with a 1,500-year-old history. In the sixth and seventh century it was a high-ranking centre with monumental cist burials and links to the equestrian class in England. In the eighth century it was a monastery, creating manuscripts...Hunter, Fraser
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The ironwork
Cruickshanks, Gemma ; Hunter, Fraser
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Beyond Hadrian’s Wall
Britannia’s northern frontier varied considerably over the Roman period, stabilizing only in the early third century. This variation leads to a fascinating archaeological record of the changing Roman military presence and its relation to the local population. This chapter examines the local Iron Age societies, considers military aspects of the...Hunter, Fraser ; Revell, Louise ; Moore, Alison
Antonine Wall, military community, Scotland, frontier life, diplomacy, interaction with local population, Agricola, Celtic art, and subsidy
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‘Coal money’ from Portpatrick (south-west Scotland): reconstructing an Early Medieval craft centre from antiquarian finds
Late 19th and 20th-century finds of debris from shale bangle manufacture at Portpatrick in south-west Scotland occasioned considerable interest at the time. The early discoveries were found in grave-digging, giving rise to folk traditions of the material as ‘coal money’ placed with the departed, but these were soon dismissed by...Hunter, Fraser
bangles, antiquarian study, Early Medieval, Irish connections, Oil shale, and craft processes
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Excavations at Waulkmill, Tarland, Aberdeenshire: a Neolithic pit, Roman Iron Age burials and an earlier prehistoric stone circle
The study of stone circles has long played a major role in British and Irish archaeology, and for Scotland most attention has been focused on the large monuments of Orkney and the Western Isles. Several decades of fieldwork have shown how these major structures are likely to be of early...Bradley, R ; Clarke, Amanda ; Hunter, Fraser
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Hacksilber in the Late Roman and Early Medieval world – economics, frontier politics and imperial legacies
This volume explores the final phase of the West Roman Empire, particularly the changing interactions between the imperial authority and external 'barbarian' groups in the northwest frontiers of the empire during the fourth and fifth centuries. The contributions present valuable overviews of recent archaeological research combined with innovative theoretical discussions....Hunter, Fraser ; Painter, Kenneth
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Book chapter
The ironwork
Trusty's Hill is an early medieval fort at Gatehouse of Fleet, Dumfries and Galloway. The hillfort comprises a fortified citadel defined by a vitrified rampart around its summit, with a number of enclosures looping out along lower-lying terraces and crags. The approach to its summit is flanked on one side...Cruickshanks, Gemma ; Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
The lead
Trusty's Hill is an early medieval fort at Gatehouse of Fleet, Dumfries and Galloway. The hillfort comprises a fortified citadel defined by a vitrified rampart around its summit, with a number of enclosures looping out along lower-lying terraces and crags. The approach to its summit is flanked on one side...Cruickshanks, Gemma ; Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Glass bead
Trusty's Hill is an early medieval fort at Gatehouse of Fleet, Dumfries and Galloway. The hillfort comprises a fortified citadel defined by a vitrified rampart around its summit, with a number of enclosures looping out along lower-lying terraces and crags. The approach to its summit is flanked on one side...Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
X-ray fluorescence analysis of metalworking ceramics and coper alloy mount
Trusty's Hill is an early medieval fort at Gatehouse of Fleet, Dumfries and Galloway. The hillfort comprises a fortified citadel defined by a vitrified rampart around its summit, with a number of enclosures looping out along lower-lying terraces and crags. The approach to its summit is flanked on one side...Cruickshanks, Gemma ; Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
The material world of Iron Age Wigtownshire
Cults Loch, at Castle Kennedy in Dumfries & Galloway, Scotland, loch lies within a landscape rich in prehistoric cropmark sites and within the loch itself are two crannogs, one of which has been the focus of this study. A palisaded enclosure and a promontory fort on the shores of the...Hunter, Fraser ; McLaren, Dawn ; Cruickshanks, Gemma
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Book chapter
The glass bead
Cults Loch, at Castle Kennedy in Dumfries & Galloway, Scotland, loch lies within a landscape rich in prehistoric cropmark sites and within the loch itself are two crannogs, one of which has been the focus of this study. A palisaded enclosure and a promontory fort on the shores of the...Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
The shale
Cults Loch, at Castle Kennedy in Dumfries & Galloway, Scotland, loch lies within a landscape rich in prehistoric cropmark sites and within the loch itself are two crannogs, one of which has been the focus of this study. A palisaded enclosure and a promontory fort on the shores of the...Hunter, Fraser
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Book chapter
Hacksilber inside and outside the late Roman world: a view from Traprain Law
Renewed study of the hoard of late Roman Hacksilber from Traprain Law (UK) is casting fresh light on this important find and on the wider phenomenon of Hacksilber. It is increasingly clear that such finds of sub-divided, broken-up Roman silver objects are not purely a 'barbarian' phenomenon, but were a...Painter, Kenneth ; Hunter, Fraser
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