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Journal article
The polaris subspecies of Little Auk Alle alle on the British List
This paper describes the analysis of a number of Little Auk Alle alle specimens collected in Scotland that show biometrics of the subspecies A.a. polaris which breeds in the eastern part of the species' Arctic range. Wing length measurements confirmed that two specimens are A.a. polaris. This conclusion has been...McInerney, C J ; McGowan, R Y
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Journal article
The Blattodea (cockroaches), Mantodea (praying mantises) and Dermaptera (earwigs) of the Insect Limestone (late Eocene), Isle of Wight, including the first record of Mantodea from the UK
The fossil cockroaches (Blattodea), praying mantises (Mantodea) and earwigs (Demaptera) are described from the Insect Limestone (Priabonian) of the Isle of Wight, southern England. Three new species of cockroach are described in the family Ectobiidae – Phyllodromica protosardea sp. nov., Balta protosimilis sp. nov. and Malaccina? wightensis sp. nov. –...Ross, Andrew
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Journal article
Ivory Towers of entitlement?: the commercialisation of academic palaeontologists
Palaeontology suffers from divisions amongst its community, along an ostensibly motivational division between acadmic and commercial palaeontologists, the former not being motivated financially, unlike the latter. These divisions are particularly plarised in the United States of America. In order to discuss why this attitude exsists, even when the financial division...Liston, Jeff
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Journal article
Appropriate and appropriated sites for elephants: a case study of the making of museum objects
Through a case study of the museum career of a mounted specimen of African elephant, the nature of “museum objects” and sites in which they engage in the construction of meaning are examined. The paper tracks a series of representations through a museum and explores how this representative of the...Swinney, Geoffrey N
material culture, natural museology, remediation, translation, meta-representation, and afterlife
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Journal article
An ammonite trapped in Burmese amber
Amber is fossilized tree resin, and inclusions usually comprise terrestrial and, rarely, aquatic organisms. Marine fossils are extremely rare in Cretaceous and Cenozoic ambers. Here, we report a record of an ammonite with marine gastropods, intertidal isopods, and diverse terrestrial arthropods as syninclusions in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. We used X-ray–microcomputed...Yu, TingTing ; Kelly, Richard S ; Mu, Lin ; Ross, Andrew ; Kennedy, Jim …
ammonite, amber, paleoecology, taphonomy, and fossil
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Journal article
True flies (Insecta: Diptera) from the late Eocene insect limestone (Bembridge Marls) of the Isle of Wight, England, UK
The Diptera fauna from the late Eocene of the Isle of Wight (Bembridge Marls) is studied including redescriptions of formerly described material. The fauna includes the following taxa: Anisopodidae – one species; Bibionidae – 11 species; Ceratopogonidae – one described and two unidentified species; Chironomidae – undetermined species of three...Krzeminski, Wieslaw ; Blagoderov, Vladimir ; Azar, Dany ; Lukashevich, Elena ; Szadziewski, Ryszard …
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Journal article
Gross intestinal morphometry and allometry in primates (e23035)
Although it is generally assumed that among mammals and within mammal groups, those species that rely on diets consisting of greater amounts of plant fiber have larger gastrointestinal tracts (GIT), statistical evidence for this simple claim is largely lacking. We compiled a dataset on the length of the small intestine,...McGrosky, Amanda ; Meloro, Carlo ; Navarrete, Ana ; Heldstab, Sandra A ; Kitchener, Andrew C …
digestive tract, primate, anatomy, phylogeny, and diet
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Journal article
The Eocene Protohierodula crabbi Ross, 2019 cannot be reliably assigned to Manteidae (Insecta: Mantodea): A reply
I accept Schubnel & Nel's (2019) opinion that Protohierodula belongs to the clade Artimantodea, that it cannot be reliably assigned to the family Manteidae and should be regarded as family incertae sedis.Ross, Andrew
Mantoidea, Isle of Wight, Artimantodea, praying mantis Priabonian, and Insect Limestone
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Journal article
A laboratory for multi-century science
Charles Cockell and colleagues consider what it takes to establish and maintain an experiment that lasts for decades – or even for centuries.Cockell, Charles S ; Santomartino, Rosa ; McMahon, Sean ; Reekie, Philippe ; Alberti, S J M M …
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Journal article
Twenty years of the tiger feeding pole: review and recommendations
The tiger feeding pole was developed at Glasgow Zoo, UK, more than 20 years ago as a feeding-enrichment device. Since then the adoption of the feeding pole by other zoos for Tigers Panthera tigris and other cats has been slow and sporadic until recent years when many zoos in the...Law, G ; Kitchener, Andrew C
behaviour, feeding, tiger, snow leopard, enrichment, jaguar, lion, welfare, captivity, and hunting
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Journal article
Projecting the Museum: moving images in, and of, Scotland's national museum
The century-long engagement of museums with the moving image is examined through a case study of its deployment by National Museums Scotland (inclusive of its predecessor organisations the Royal Scottish Museum and the Royal Museum of Scotland). The study engages the academic genres of film studies and museum studies to...Swinney, Geoffrey N
Cinema, television, video, film, Royal Scottish Museum, National Museums Scotland, and historical geography
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Journal article
Special issue: Shaping Scientific Instrument Collections
There is an extensive literature on the history of what we now term scientific instruments. As a result, we know a great deal about how devices such as telescopes, clocks and astrolabes were made and used, especially those dating from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries. Many of these artefacts...Alberti, S J M M
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Book chapter
Deictic motion verbs and divine interaction. Placing the individual and the divine in time and space
This volume is a collection of papers that were presented during the international conference Time and Space in Ancient Egypt organised by the Université catholique de Louvain and the Université de Liège (Louvain-la-Neuve, 9–11 June 2016). The participants were invited to examine in the broadest possible way the interactions between...Potter, Daniel M
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Conference paper (unpublished)
IGCP 735 (2021-2025): rocks and the rise of Ordovician life: filling knowledge gaps in the Early Palaeozoic biodiversification (Rocks n'ROL)
Deciphering the complex interactions between climate change, biodiversity and ecosystem structuration is a major societal issue for future generations. The geological record offers the unique opportunity to document the impact of environmental changes in the biosphere in the past, and thus to provide some clues for the future. In this...Lefebvre, Bertrand ; Candela, Yves ; Hariri , Khadija ; Ghobadi Pour , Mansoureh ; Raevskaya, Elena …
stratigraphy , biodiversity, IGCP project , palaeobiogeography, Ordovician , and databases
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Lecture
Alexander, 10th Duke of Hamilton and Hamilton Palace: the awe inspiring demonstration of exalted status of the premier peer of Scotland and some final additions from the Beckford bequest
This year’s Beckford Lecture ‘Alexander, 10th Duke of Hamilton and Hamilton Palace: the awe inspiring demonstration of exalted status of the premier peer of Scotland and some final additions from the Beckford bequest’ will be given by Dr Godfrey Evans. Dr Evans is Principal Curator of Decorative Arts, National Museums...Evans, Godfrey
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Lecture
Tools of Knowledge: Exploring the Scientific Instrument Trade with Digital Tools
The second edition of the Neuchâtel Seminar in History of Science and Technology – entitled Scientific Objects: Then and Now – aims to reflect on scientific objects and the problems raised by their study by working on two aspects in particular. On the one hand, the seminar will host retrospective...Higgitt, Rebekah
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Book chapter
The exhibition. Material fluidities: dialogues between the digital and the handmade
The divide between the handcrafted and the digital is not as prescriptive as some would like to believe.Rothwell, Sarah
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Lecture
An introduction to the marine invertebrate wet collections at National Museums Scotland
Natural History Wet collectionsWare, Fiona
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Poster (unpublished)
CryoArks – The UK’s first zoological biobank
National Museums Scotland and the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland are partners in a UK-wide collaboration to create the UK’s first comprehensive zoological Biobank network for research and conservation.Kitchener, Andrew C ; Murray-Dickson , Gill
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Poster (unpublished)
The wet collections of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, 1902-1904
Ware, Fiona
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Conference paper (unpublished)
Did the Picts disappear? Beyond colonial approaches to the Viking Age in Scotland
Maldonado, Adrián
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Conference paper (unpublished)
The Galloway Hoard: entangled identities in the material culture of a unique Viking-age assemblage
Goldberg, D Martin
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Conference paper (unpublished)
Le voir, le faire et la matière : l’art celtique comme processus
Ginoux, Nathalie ; Gosden, Chris ; Hoppe, Thomas ; Hunter, Fraser ; Krausse, Dirk …
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Book
Photography and the Doctor: John Adamson of St Andrews
Dr John Adamson (1809-70) was the older brother of the better-known Robert Adamson (1821-48), famous for his pioneering photography work with D.O. Hill. John Adamson's photography had to be fitted in around his medical practice in St Andrews. The photographs in this book are drawn mainly from two extremely early...Morrison-Low, A D ; Bruce, David
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Conference paper (unpublished)
Brough of Birsay revisited: a new look at the Pictish workshop
Maldonado, Adrián
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Presentation
Guest Curator at Craft Scotland Conference 2022 - The Power of Glass Symposium at the National Museum of Scotland
Sarah Rothwell is the Senior Curator of Modern & Contemporary Design, in the Department of Global Arts, Cultures and Design at National Museums Scotland (NMS). Where she is responsible for the British, European and other 'Western' glass, ceramics, metalwork, jewellery and industrial design circa 1945-present collections. Her research focuses on...Rothwell, Sarah
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Presentation
Preparing to Borrow
Brownlee, Yvonne
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Abstract
Artefacts and Advocacy
Technical artefacts have many meanings over the course of their use-life and museum after life. By engaging with audiences thoughtfully and openly, science museums can use their objects' dynamic biographies to address global challenges we face today. Not least of these is human-induced rapid climate change. Take the trusty tractor...Alberti, S J M M
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Presentation
Respect! Caribbean life in Edinburgh – How a community project has changed our museum practice
In 2021 and 2022 Museums & Galleries Edinburgh worked with Edinburgh Caribbean Association (ECA) to develop the exhibition Respect! Caribbean Life in Edinburgh. ECA used the collections of the Museum of Childhood to explore Caribbean culture and childhoods, living in Scotland and Caribbean contributions to British society. The project was...Stevens, Lynn
Museology, Exchange, Caribbean diaspora heritage communities, Museums & Galleries Edinburgh, Colonial Histories And Legacies, and Edinburgh Caribbean Association
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Abstract
Presenting a complex hoard deposit – the Galloway Hoard
The Galloway Hoard is the focus of an ongoing research project at National Museums Scotland examining a complex Viking-age deposit composed of multiple parcels, with organic preservation and a variety of materials (gold, silver, copper-alloy, glass, rock crystal, minerals, leather, wood, wool, silk, linen, and animal gut). There may be...Goldberg, Martin
Viking-age hoards, Galloway Hoard , rock crystal, minerals, wool, research project, wood, animal gut, silk, linen, gold, copper-alloy, leather, silver, and glass
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Lecture
Displaying ‘National’ Antiquities in the mid-19th century: Scotland, England and Ireland
This lecture will compare the mid-19th century classification and display strategies of the museum of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland with the British Museum and the museum of the Royal Irish Academy. Museum displays ‘perform’ meaning through labels, catalogues and physical arrangements. A comparison of such displays reveals the...Holder, Julie
classification and display strategies, Ireland, Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, England, 19th century, British Museum, Royal Irish Academy, and Scotland
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Conference paper (unpublished)
Towards an Ontology of Pre-20th Century Scientific Instrument Types
Middle, Sarah ; Butterworth, Alex
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Conference paper (unpublished)
Giants and dwarfs at the Ordnance Office in the Tower of London
Higgitt, Rebekah
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Lecture
Instruments, Institutions and Individuals: The Local Networks of the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, in the 19th Century
Dr Rebekah Higgitt has been Principal Curator of Science at National Museums Scotland since August 2020. She was previously Senior Lecturer in History of Science at the University of Kent and Curator of History of Science at Royal Museums Greenwich, having done her PhD at Imperial College London and postdoctoral...Higgitt, Rebekah
19th century, scientific instruments, Edinburgh, Astronomy, and Royal Observatory
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Abstract
Fractured mountains: quartz crystals and the Cairngorms
Dr Sarah Laurenson is Principal Curator of Modern and Contemporary History and Head of the Modern and Contemporary History Section. She is responsible for the Scottish collections representing cultural, social, political, military and domestic history from c.1750 to the present.Laurenson, Sarah
collections, Scottish material culture, mountains, fragmented objects , research, natural environment, and mineralogy
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Conference paper (unpublished)
Don’t believe the hype: scientific instruments and inflated expectations, 1550-1914
The Tools of Knowledge project is remodelling the legacy Scientific Instrument Makers, Observations and Notes (SIMON) database, and significantly enhancing the information it contains about the scientific instrument trade between 1550-1914. One key aim is to reconnect the persons involved in the craft and trade with the instruments that they...Middle, Sarah ; Butterworth, Alex ; Hay, Duncan ; Higgitt, Rebekah
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Conference paper (unpublished)
Infrastructures for Managing and Publishing Large, Heterogeneous Linked Datasets
A Linked Data approach in Humanities research is likely to produce large, rich, heterogeneous datasets with huge research potential, but how can these datasets be managed and published in a form that is flexible, scalable, interoperable and, ultimately, sustainable? Several infrastructures exist that aim to address this issue, but come...Middle, Sarah ; Hay, Duncan ; Butterworth, Alex
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Journal article
Rethinking the Dark Age: the multiple voices of early medieval Britain
What do you picture when you think of the Dark Age. The common perception the phrase conjures is simple living and hardship. However, the sheer number of inscribed objects from this period paint another picture. Through new research methods, we are uncovering the multiple voices of early medieval Britain and...Maldonado, Adrián
literacy, Archaeology, Vikings, Symbols, Research Project, St Ninian's Isle Treasure, Glenmorangie, and Picts
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Journal article
Colouring the Nation: a new in-depth study of the Turkey Red Pattern Books in the National Museums Scotland
The production of Turkey red dyed and printed cottons was a major industry in the west of Scotland, particularly in the mid- to late nineteenth century. Although the extensive works were pulled down in the second half of the twentieth century, our knowledge of this industry is significantly aided by...Tuckett, Sally ; Nenadic, Stana
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Book chapter
From obstetrics to oryctology: inside the mind of William Hunter (1718–1783)
Today William Hunter is remembered mainly for his pioneering work in obstetrics and for our understanding of the lymphatic system, but his interests were wide-ranging, encompassing artworks (the first to collect Chardin), archaeological, numismatic and bibliographical items. As a key figure in the Enlightenment, he was one of the few...Liston, Jeff
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Journal article
Alfred Nicholson Leeds and the first fossil egg attributed to a ‘saurian’
Discovered by the nineteenth century collector Alfred Nicholson Leeds, the first object to be described (1898) as a fossil reptile egg is a unique find from the Oxford Clay near Peterborough. It also comes from one of a very small number of Jurassic localities worldwide that can claim to have...Liston, Jeff
Oxford Clay, Callovian, Alfred Nicholson Leeds, and dinosaur egg
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Journal article
Phylogenetic and environmental context of a Tournaisian tetrapod fauna
The end-Devonian to mid-Mississippian time interval has long been known for its depauperate palaeontological record, especially for tetrapods. This interval encapsulates the time of increasing terrestriality among tetrapods, but only two Tournaisian localities previously produced tetrapod fossils. Here we describe five new Tournaisian tetrapods (Perittodus apsconditus, Koilops herma, Ossirarus kierani, Diploradus austiumensis and Aytonerpeton microps)...Clack, Jennifer A ; Bennett, Carys E ; Carpenter, David K ; Davies, Sarah J ; Fraser, Nicholas C …
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Journal article
Environmental enrichment for Killer whales Orcinus orca at zoological institutions: untried and untested
Despite a history in zoological institutions stretching back more than 50 years, with associated improvements in husbandry and breeding, the keeping of Killer whales Orcinus orca in zoos and aquariums has become highly controversial. The recent decision to stop the current breeding programme in the USA does not obviate the...Law, G ; Kitchener, Andrew C ; shaw, mark
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Journal article
Amateurastronomie in Schottland
Staubermann, Klaus
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Journal article
Victorian photography: a Scottish perspective
Morrison-Low, A D
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Journal article
Threatened but understudied: supporting conservation by understanding the genetic structure of the flat-headed cat
The flat-headed cat (Prionailurus planiceps) is a wetland specialist, currently facing habitat loss on a serious scale due to massive destruction of lowland forests and wetlands in Southeast Asia. Despite its ‘endangered’ status in the IUCN Red List, there has virtually been no investigation on the population structure nor on...Patel, R P ; Lenz, D ; Kitchener, Andrew C ; Fickel, J ; Förster, D W …
Flat-headed cat Habitat specialist Hybrid capture Mitogenome MtDNA
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Journal article
Potential occurrence of the long-tailed Skua subspecies Stercorarius longicaudus pallescens in Scotland
Two Long-tailed Skuas Stercorarius longicaudus reported in Scotland, an adult male collected at Sule Skerry, Orkney in June 1908, and an adult observed at East Burra, Shetland over four summers during 2009-2012, showed features suggesting the east Siberian and Nearctic subspecies S. I. pallescens. If confirmed they would be the...McInerney, C J ; McGowan, R Y
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Conference paper (unpublished)
Detection of foot pathology by 3D radiography in elephants
Foot disease is one of the most important health conditions of captive elephants, but treatment is hindered by the limitations of diagnostic imaging. Despite the high value of individual animals, advanced imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are currently not possible in live elephants...Bentley, Charlotte ; Cracknell, Jonathan ; Kitchener, Andrew C ; Pizzi, Romain
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Lecture
“Metal detecting in Scotland: understanding the extent, it’s character & opportunities for engagement”
Dr Natasha Ferguson, Treasure Trove Unit, National Museums Scotland, and Kevin Munro, Historic Environment Scotland, present a short interactive lecture on “Metal detecting in Scotland: Understanding the extent, it’s character & opportunities for engagement” at the Archaeological Research in Progress (ARP 2017) national day conference on Saturday 27th May 2017...Ferguson, Natasha ; Munro, Kevin
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Journal article
Investigating vision - scientific instruments as historiographic tools for the understanding of the development and establishment of colour, perception and performance research at Edinburgh University, 1850–1950
This article draws a historic trajectory for the study of colour perception at Edinburgh University through the examination of three key pieces of scientific apparatus and their uses. It traces the development of colour, perception and skills research at Edinburgh University from the 1850s to 1950s. Starting point of the...Staubermann, Klaus
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Journal article
Fossil Insects, Arthropods and Amber: Preface
This volume comprises 28 papers resulting from the 7th International Conference on Fossil Insects, Anthropods and Amber which took place at the National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, from 26 April to 1 May 2016.Ross, Andrew
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Journal article
John Muir Wood: Calotypist
The Scottish Society of Photography has been publishing writing on photography for over thirty years. During this time we have built up a substantial archive of articles and reviews. This feature, the first in a series that looks to give a new lease of life to many of those articles,...Morrison-Low, A D
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Journal article
A legacy in fossils: a tribute to Stan(ley) Wood – Preface
Stan Wood had a gift for finding exceptional Early Carboniferous fossils. Among them are 32 type specimens. His discoveries significantly changed our understanding of the history of life on Earth. Many of the fossils he collected are on display in museums across the UK and the localities he discovered continue...Fraser, Nicholas C ; Smithson, Timothy R ; Clack, Jennifer A
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Journal article
A new terrestrial millipede fauna of earliest Carboniferous (Tournaisian) age from southeastern Scotland helps fill ‘Romer's Gap'
A diverse millipede (diplopod) fauna has been recovered from the earliest Carboniferous (Tournaisian) Ballagan Formation of the Scottish Borders, discovered by the late Stan Wood. The material is generally fragmentary; however, six different taxa are present based on seven specimens. Only one displays enough characters for formal description and is...Ross, Andrew ; Edgecombe, Gregory D ; Clark, Neil D L ; Bennett, Carys E ; Carrió, Vicen …
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Journal article
Early Cretaceous parasitism in amber: a new species of Burmazelmira fly (Diptera: Archizelmiridae) parasitized by a Leptus sp. mite (Acari, Erythraeidae)
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) commits its 196 nation parties to conserve biological diversity, use its components sustainably, and share fairly and equitably the benefits from the utilization of genetic resources. The last of these objectives was further codified in the Convention's Nagoya Protocol (NP), which came into effect...Prathapan, K Divakaran ; Pethiyagoda, Rohan ; Bawa, Kamaljit S ; Raven, Peter H ; Rajan, Priyadarsanan Dharma …
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Journal article
The Janitor and his museum: John Wilson (1775–1832) and the teaching of ‘practical zoology’ in early nineteenth-century Edinburgh
A description by William Jardine of Applegirth of the state of taxidermy in early nineteenth-century Edinburgh draws attention to the agency of the University of Edinburgh’s Janitor, John Wilson, in contributing to the University’s Natural History Museum, in the building of his own private museum collection, and in the teaching...Swinney, Geoffrey N ; McGowan, R Y
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Book chapter
Miller's most important geological discovery’: Archibald Geikie (1835–1924) as pupil and memorialist of Hugh Miller (1802–56)
Hugh Miller, stonemason turned writer, newspaper editor and geologist, became the young Archibald Geikie’s friend and geological mentor, encouraged his first research and presentation to a learned society, and recommended him to the Geological Survey, thus laying the foundations for a career that reached the top of British science. Geikie...Taylor, Michael A
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Book chapter
Autobiography and documentable fact in the family background and religious affiliation of Archibald Geikie (1835–1924)
In his autobiography of 1924, Archibald Geikie (1835–1924) suppressed basic information about his family and religious beliefs. Investigation reveals a more complete picture of those aspects of Geikie’s life. He was brought up in a strongly religious family, of Congregational affiliation, which he himself followed as a young man. His...Taylor, Michael A
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Journal article
Darwin wasps: a new name heralds renewed efforts to unravel the evolutionary history of Ichneumonidae
The parasitoid wasp family Ichneumonidae is arguably one of the groups for which current knowledge lags most strongly behind their enormous diversity. In a five-day meeting in Basel (Switzerland) in June 2019, 22 researchers from 14 countries met to discuss the most important issues in ichneumonid research, including increasing the...Klopfstein, Seraina ; Santos, Bernardo F ; Shaw, Mark R ; Alvarado, Mabel ; Bennett, Andrew M R …
parasitoid wasps, paleoentomology, phylogenetics, Alpha taxonomy, and fossils
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Blog post
The Black Watch at National Museum of Scotland
Rosie Waine is the William Grant Foundation Research Fellow at the National Museum of Scotland. Here she writes how the Black Watch Museum & Castle collection contributed to the exhibition she has curated called Wild and Majestic: Romantic Visions of Scotland. -
Journal article
Carlisle Museum's Natural History Record Bureau, 1902–1912: Britain's first local environmental records centre
Carlisle Museum's Natural History Record Bureau, Britain's first local environmental records centre, collected and collated records, mainly of birds but including also mammals and fishes, from amateur naturalists. It initially covered an area of 80 kilometres around Carlisle, and later from Cumberland, Westmorland and the detached portion of Lancashire north... -
Journal article
Norman Dott (1897–1973) and medical illustration: the importance of art to neurosurgery
Anatomical information and pathologies have been conveyed through the medium of medical illustrations for centuries. In the formative years of British neurosurgery, Professor Norman Dott (1897–1973) utilised medical illustrations as a means of documenting neurosurgical advances and conveying pathological-anatomical correlation. He commissioned a vast number of medical illustrations over the... -
Journal article
Small carnivorans, museums and zoos
Small carnivorans are generally poorly represented in zoos, probably because they are small, mostly nocturnal and solitary hunters. However, there is limited knowledge about the ecology and behaviour of a large number of these and many species are threatened with extinction or their conservation status is poorly known or even...Kitchener, Andrew C
museums , zoo, small carnivoran , research , taxonomy , conservation , collection, anatomy , and biobanking
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Lecture
Edinburgh to Hawai’i – the short astronomical career of John Walter Nichol
Talk by Dr Rebekah Higgitt, Historian of science, Principal Curator of Science, National Museums Scotland “The name John Walter Nichol enters the history of astronomy for his participation as an observer in one of the British expeditions to observe the transit of Venus in 1874. He was said to have...Higgitt, Rebekah
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Book review
Gordon J. Barclay & Ron Morris. 2019. The fortification of the Firth of Forth 1880–1977: ‘The most powerful naval fortress in the British Empire’. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
Naval defences, unlike those typically constructed by land forces, are often impermanent or invisible: floating blockades deployed across the surface of the water or mines laid deep beneath it. This reality can pose real challenges for the interpretation of such historic sites, despite their significance or wider appeal. Remnants of...Robertson, Calum