A skeleton from the Middle Jurassic of Scotland illuminates an earlier origin of large pterosaurs
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Creator
Jagielska, Natalia
()
O’Sullivan, Michael
Funston, Gregory F
()
Butler, Ian B
Challands, Thomas J
()
Clark, Neil D L
()
Fraser, Nicholas C
()
Penny, Amelia
Ross, Dugald A
Wilkinson, Mark
Brusatte, Stephen L
2022
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Abstract
Pterosaurs were the first vertebrates to evolve flight1,2 and include the largest flying animals in Earth history.3,4 While some of the last-surviving species were the size of airplanes, pterosaurs were long thought
to be restricted to small body sizes (wingspans ca. <1.8–1.6 m) from their Triassic origins through the
Jurassic, before increasing in size when derived long-skulled and short-tailed pterodactyloids lived alongside a diversity of birds in the Cretaceous.5 We report a new spectacularly preserved three-dimensional skeleton from the Middle Jurassic of Scotland, which we assign to a new genus and species: Dearc sgiathanach
gen. et sp. nov. Its wingspan is estimated at >2.5 m, and bone histology shows it was a juvenile-subadult still
actively growing when it died, making it the largest known Jurassic pterosaur represented by a well-preserved skeleton. A review of fragmentary specimens from the Middle Jurassic of England demonstrates
that a diversity of pterosaurs was capable of reaching larger sizes at this time but have hitherto been concealed by a poor fossil record. Phylogenetic analysis places D. sgiathanach in a clade of basal long-tailed
non-monofenestratan pterosaurs, in a subclade of larger-bodied species (Angustinaripterini) with elongate
skulls convergent in some aspects with pterodactyloids.6 Far from a static prologue to the Cretaceous,
the Middle Jurassic was a key interval in pterosaur evolution, in which some non-pterodactyloids diversified
and experimented with larger sizes, concurrent with or perhaps earlier than the origin of birds